English Speaking Glossary

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, a standard for measuring language proficiency from A1 (beginner) to C2 (mastery).

The core concepts that shape how English sounds — pronunciation, accent, intonation, word stress, and minimal pairs — and how each one affects how clearly you are understood.

Key concepts behind natural-sounding English — collocations, idioms, and register — covering which words go together, non-literal expressions, and levels of formality.

The vocabulary of English fluency and proficiency testing — from speaking fluency, filler words, and hesitation to IELTS band scores, TOEFL scores, coherence, and lexical resource.

The effect of your native language on how you speak English, including pronunciation, grammar patterns, and word choice.

A verb combined with a preposition or adverb that creates a meaning different from the original verb, such as "give up" (quit) or "look after" (care for).